CSE 130 Final, Spring 2018
代做Data structure | 代写Algorithm | scheme代写 | Haskell – 这道题目是利用scheme进行的编程代写任务, 包括了Data structure/Algorithm/scheme/Haskell等方面
Nadia Polikarpova
- You have 180 minutes to complete this exam.
- Where limits are given, write no more than the amount specified.
- You may refer to amaterials. double-sided cheat sheet , but no electronic
- Questions marked with * are difficult ; we recommend solving them last.
- Avoid seeing anyone elses work or allowing yours to be seen.
- Do not communicate with anyone but an exam proctor.
- If you have a question, raise your hand.
- Good luck!
Q1: Lambda Calculus: Sets [20 pts]
In this question you will implement sets of natural numbers in -calculus. Your set Data structure has to support the following four operations: EMPTY — | The empty set INSERT n s — | Set that contains the number n– and all elements of the set s HAS s nINTERSECT s1 s2 — | Does set s contain number n?– | Set that contains all the elements — common to s1 and s You can use any function defined in Appendix I (at the end of the exam). Your implementation must satisfy the following test cases: let S012 = INSERT ZERO (INSERT ONE (INSERT TWO EMPTY)) let S234 = INSERT TWO (INSERT THREE (INSERT FOUR EMPTY)) eval empty :HAS EMPTY ZERO =~> FALSE eval insert_0 : HAS S012 ZERO=~> TRUE eval insert_1 : HAS S012 THREE=~> FALSE eval intersect_0 :HAS (INTERSECT S012 S234) TWO =~> TRUE eval intersect_1 :HAS (INTERSECT S012 S234) THREE =~> FALSE
1.1 Empty set [5 pts] let EMPTY = _______________________________________________________
1.2 Insert an element [5 pts] let INSERT = ______________________________________________________
1.3 Membership [5 pts] let HAS = _________________________________________________________
1.4 Set intersection [5 pts] let INTERSECT = ___________________________________________________
Q2: Datatypes and Recursion: Decision Trees [60 pts]
A binary decision tree (BDT) is an alternative representation of a Boolean node formula. In a BDT, eachis labeled with a variable, and represents leaf is labeled withTrue branching orFalseon the value of that, and each internal variable. x
z
y False
True
True False
x
z
y False
True
True False
T
T
F
F
T F
Figure 1:Its evaluation with (left) A BDT representation of the formulax = True, y = False, z = True x ( y z ). (right)
Figure 1 (left) shows one possible BDT representation of the Boolean formula we descend into the left sub-tree if the nodes variable is x ( y z ). To evaluate a BDT, we start at the root; in each internal node,True, and into the right sub-tree if the nodes variable isvalue of the formula. Figure 1 (right) depicts the evaluation of our exampleFalse); the leaf we end up in gives the BDT with the following variable values:x = True, y = False, z = True. In this question, you will implement several Haskell functions that operate on BDTs. We will represent BDTs using the following datatype: data BDT = Leaf Bool | Node Id BDT BDT whereIdis just a synonym for strings: type Id = String We will also use the typeEnvto represent an environment , i.e. a mapping from variable names to Boolean values:
type Env = [(Id, Bool)] Your implementation can rely on the following function to look up the value of a variable in an environment: lookup :: Id -> Env -> Bool Besideslookup, your implementations can use:
- any library functions on Booleans; for example: not,(&&),(||),(==)
- any library functions on strings; for example:(==),(<),(>) 2.1 Evaluation [10 pts] Implement the functioneval, which evaluates a BDT in a given environment. You can assume that the environment contains all variables of the BDT. Your implementation must satisfy the following test cases, where env = [(x,True), (y,False), (z,True)]: eval env (Leaf False)==> False eval env (Node "x" (Leaf True) (Leaf False)) eval env (Node "x" (Node "y" (Leaf True) (Leaf False)) (Leaf False))==> True ==> False eval :: Env -> BDT -> Bool
2.2 Negation [15 pts] The cool thing about decision trees is that you can perform logical operations (negation, conjunction, and disjunction) directly on the trees, without havingto convert them back into a traditional formula representation.
Implement the functionnegation of a given BDT.tNot, which returns a BDT that represents the
Your implementation must satisfy the following test case for any BDTany environmentenv: tand
eval env (tNot t) == not (eval env t)==> True
tNot :: BDT -> BDT
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2.3 Conjunction [15 pts]
Implement the functiontAndthat computes a conjunction of two BDTs.
Your implementation must satisfy the following test case for any two BDTs
tlandtr, and any environmentenv:
eval env (tAnd tl tr) == (eval env tl && eval env tr)
==> True
Its okay if the resulting BDT has duplicate variables. For example, the
simplest solution will satisfy the following test case (depicted on Figure 2):
let ==> Node "x" (Node "x" (Leaf True) (Leaf False)) (Leaf False)t = Node "x" (Leaf True) (Leaf False) in tAnd t t
x
x False
True
x
True False
x
True False
False
tAnd ==>
Figure 2: A test case fortAnd tAnd :: BDT -> BDT -> BDT
2.4 Ordered BDTs [20 pts]* The simple implementation ofhave duplicate variables, which makes the tree less compact and slower totAndfrom section 3.3 can cause the BDT to evaluate. One way to eliminate this redundancy is to enforceall the variables in the tree, such that the variable in each node is ordering strictly less on (lexicographically) than all variables in its sub-trees. For example, the BDT in Figure 1 is ordered, becausex < yandy < zboth hold. In contrast, the BDT Figure 2 is not ordered, becausehold. x < xdoesnt Implement the functionBDTs, and returns an ordered tAndOrdBDT.that computes a conjunction of two ordered Your implementation must satisfy the following test cases:
tAndOrd (Node "x" (Leaf True) (Leaf False))(Node "x" (Leaf True) (Leaf False)) ==> (Node "x" (Leaf True) (Leaf False)) tAndOrd (Node "x" (Leaf True) (Leaf False))(Node "y" (Leaf True) (Leaf False)) ==> (Node "x" (Node "y" (Leaf True) (Leaf False))(Leaf False))
tAndOrd (Node "y" (Leaf True) (Leaf False)) ==> (Node "x"(Node "x" (Leaf True) (Leaf False)) (Node "y" (Leaf True) (Leaf False))(Leaf False))
tAndOrd :: BDT -> BDT -> BDT
Q3: Higher-Order Functions [40 pts]
Convert each of the given recursive functions into a function that always returns the same result function can use the following higher-order functions from the standardbut doesnt directly use recursion. Instead, your library: map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b] filter :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b Apart from these four functions, your implementation can only use the list constructors and library functions on integers (e.g. comparisons). You are allowed to introduce (non-recursive) auxiliary functions.
3.1 List reversal [5 pts]
reverse :: [a] -> [a]reverse [] = []
reverse (x:xs) = reverse xs ++ [x]
Non-recursive version:
reverse :: [a] -> [a]
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3.2 Absolute values [10 pts]
absValues :: [Int] -> [Int]absValues [] = []
absValues (x:xs)| x < 0 = (-x):(absValues xs)
| otherwise = x :(absValues xs)
Non-recursive version: absValues :: [Int] -> [Int]
3.3 Remove duplicates [15 pts] dedup :: [Int] -> [Int]dedup [] = [] dedup (x:xs) = x:(remove x (dedup xs)) where remove x [] = []remove x (y:ys) | x == y = remove x ys| otherwise = y:(remove x ys)
Non-recursive version: dedup :: [Int] -> [Int]
3.4 Insertion Sort [20 pts]* sort :: [Int] -> [Int] sort [] = []sort (x:xs) = insert x (sort xs) where insert x []insert x (y:ys) == [x] if x <= y thenelse x:y:ysy:(insert x ys)
Non-recursive version: sort :: [Int] -> [Int]
Q4: Semantics and Type Systems [30 pts]
In this question you will use the operational semantics and the type system of
Nano2 (given in Appendix II at the end of the exam) to derive some reductionjudgmentsE,e => E',e'and typing judgmentsG |- e :: S.
A complete derivation should satisfy the following conditions:
- all judgments in the derivation are complete
- every rule (or axiom) application is labeled with the name of the ruleall leaves are axioms Here is an example of a complete reduction derivation: [Add] —————-E, 1 + 2 => E, 3 [Add-L] —————————————- E, (1 + 2) + (4 + 5) => E, 3 + (4 + 5) 4.1 Reduction 1 [10 points] Complete the following reduction derivation, where E = [f -> <[], \x y -> x + y>] [______] ——————————————————- E, => E, [______] ——————————————————- E, => E, [______] ——————————————————- E, f 1 2 => E,
4.2 Reduction 2 [10 points] Complete the following reduction derivation (sameEas in 4.1):
[______] ——————————————————- => [______] ——————————————————- E, <[], \x y -> x + y> 1 2 =>
4.3 Typing 1 [10 points] Complete the following typing derivation
[______]———————- ———————–[______]
[______]————————————————-
[______]————————————————- [] |- \x -> x + 5 ::
4.4 Typing 2 [10 points] Complete the following typing derivation where G = [f : Int -> Int, id : forall a. a -> a]
[______]—————————– G |- [______]—————————– ——————-[______] G |- G |- [______]————————————————————- G |- id f ::
Q5: Prolog: Selection sort [30 pts]
In this question, we will implement Selection sort in Prolog. As a reminder,
this Algorithm sorts a list by repeatedly extracting thefrom the input list and appending it to the output list. minimum element
Unless otherwise stated, your solutiontions/predicates or introduce auxiliary predicates. cannot use any library func-
5.1 Insert [10 points] Write a Prolog predicatethe result of inserting the elementinsert(X, Ys, Zs)XintoYsat some position.which is true wheneverZsis
Your implementation should satisfy the following test cases ?- insert(1Zs = [1,2,3] ,; [2,3] , Zs). ZsZs == [2,1,3][2,3,1] ;; false. ?- insert(1 , Ys , [1,2,1]). YsYs == [2,1][1,2] ;; false.
5.2 Minimum element [10 points] Write a Prolog predicatelist_min(Acc, Xs, Min)which is true whenMin (if non-empty).is the minimum between the numberAccand the smallest element of listXs In this problem, you can use the built-in functionthe minimum of two numbers. min(X,Y)that computes Your implementation should satisfy the following test cases ?- list_min(1 , [] , X). X = 1 ; false. ?- list_min(1X = 1 ; false., [3,2] , X). ?- list_min(2 , [3,1] , X). X = 1 ; false.
5.3 Selection Sort [10 points] Write a Prolog predicateselection_sort(Xs, Ys)which is true when the listYscontains the same elements asXsbut in ascending order. Your solution can use the predicatesinsertandlist_mindefined in 5.1 and 5.2. Your implementation should satisfy the following test cases (when queried for the first solution only). ?- selection_sort([3,2,4,1] , Ys). Ys = [1,2,3,4]. ?- selection_sort([1,2,1,2]Ys = [1,1,2,2]. , Ys).
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Appendix I: Lambda Calculus Cheat Sheet
Here is a list of definitions you may find useful for Q — Booleans ——————————– letlet TRUE = \x y -> xFALSE = \x y -> y letlet ITE = \b x y -> b x yNOT = \b x y -> b y x let AND = \b1 b2 -> ITE b1 b2 FALSE let OR = \b1 b2 -> ITE b1 TRUE b — Pairs ———————————– letlet PAIR = \x y b -> b x yFST = \p -> p TRUE let SND = \p -> p FALSE — Numbers ——————————— let ZERO = \f x -> x letlet ONE = \f x -> f xTWO = \f x -> f (f x) let THREE = \f x -> f (f (f x)) — Arithmetic —————————— letlet INC = \n f x -> f (n f x)ADD = \n m -> n INC m let MUL = \n m -> n (ADD m) ZERO letlet ISZ = \n -> n (\z -> FALSE) TRUEEQL = \n m -> AND (ISZ (SUB n m)) (ISZ (SUB m n))
Appendix II: Syntax and Semantics of Nano
Expression syntax: e ::= n | x | e1 + e2 | let x = e1 in e2 | \x -> e | e1 e Operational semantics: [Var] E, x => E, E[x] if x in dom(E) [Add] E, n1 + n2 => E, n where n == n1 + n
[Add-L] ————————–E, e1 => E’, e1′ E, e1 + e2 => E’, e1′ + e
[Add-R] ————————–E, e2 => E’, e2′ E, n1 + e2 => E’, n1 + e2′ [Let] E, let x = v in e2 => E[x->v], e E, e1 => E’, e1′ [Let-Def] ——————————————–E, let x = e1 in e2 => E’, let x = e1′ in e
[Abs] E, \x -> e => E, <E,\x -> e> [App] E, <E1,\x -> e> v => E1[x->v], e
[App-L] ———————-E, e1 => E’, e1′ E, e1 e2 => E’, e1′ e
[App-R] ——————E, e => E’, e’ E, v e => E’, v e’
Syntax of types: T ::= Int | T1 -> T2 | a S ::= T | forall a. S Typing rules: [T-Num] G |- n :: Int G |- e1 :: Int G |- e2 :: Int [T-Add] ——————————-G |- e1 + e2 :: Int
[T-Var] G |- x :: S if x:S in G
[T-Abs] ————————G, x:T1 |- e :: T G |- \x -> e :: T1 -> T
[T-App] ———————————–G |- e1 :: T1 -> T2 G |- e2 :: T G |- e1 e2 :: T G |- e1 :: S G, x:S |- e2 :: T [T-Let] ——————————–G |- let x = e1 in e2 :: T
G |- e :: forall a. S [T-Inst] ———————-G |- e :: [a / T] S
[T-Gen] ———————-G |- e :: S if not (a in FTV(G)) G |- e :: forall a. S Here n Nis natural number, v Valis a value, x Varis a variable, e type variable,Expris an expression, T Typeis a type, E Var S ValPolyis an environment,is a type scheme (a poly-type), a TVaris a G VarPolyis a type environment (a context).