BPLN0082 Strategic Planning Project
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The Bartlett School of Planning
BPLN0082 Strategic Planning Project
project Brief 2022 – 2023
Module coordinator: Elena Besussi Module Tutors: Elena Besussi, Abir Eltayeb, Magdalena Jakubowska, Hanadi Samhan, Michael Short Credits: 15 credits Timetable: Tuesday 4 to 7pm Venues: Chadwick Building G
Table of content
Project Background 1
Cities and climate change 2
The brief: Urban planning, climate change and social inequalities 4
Stage 1: From description to analysis to diagnosis 7
Examples on individual coursework from previous project 9
Stage 2: From diagnosis to plan 18
Project Background
The project considers a scenario in which the Greater London Authority (GLA) is looking for new ideas and planning guidance to address its objectives of tackling the climate emergenc y and reducing social inequalities by rethinking how society, economy and urban space interact and how urban space can support the development of a diverse, inclusive, and climate-resilient city.
The GLA has decided to support London boroughs directly by appointing teams of planner s to 13 outer boroughs of London to develop and update their Local Plans to address the immediate emergency of climate change and social inequality.
This project uses the skills and knowledge you have developed in year 1 (BPLN0069 Introducing Planning Systems and BPLN0072 Urban lab I: Graphic Skills) and in term 1 of year 2 (BPLN0080 Cities and Social Change, BPLN0081 Economics of Cities and their Regions, BPLN0077 Urban Lab II: Spatial Analysis) and transfers them into the analysis of social, economic and urban structures, and the preparation of a Strategic Spatial Plan for an outer London borough (groups will choose one of the 13 outer London Boroughs for their project).
Figure 1. Londons inner and outer borough (see Moodle for full list)
Cities and climate change
While there are still debates about the exact contribution of cities to the production of greenhouse gas (GHG), it is generally acknowledged that emissions from cities represent the single largest human contribution to climate change. Cities are therefore increasingly important sites for climate response.
Which factors contribute to GHG emissions in cities? Apart from the energy use of buildings and infrastructures such as local transport systems, the physical form and structure of cities in terms of land-use mix and patterns, density, and spatial configuration of infrastructure can also strongly influence GHG emissions. These factors can influence the demand of energy in buildings and for transport (of people and goods), of water and waste disposal, which local government can also play a role in. Local governments and urban planning have therefore a strong role to play in deter mining the mitigation and adaptation to climate change.
Figure 2 Four key aspects of urban form and structure (density, land use mix, connectivity, and accessibility), their Vehicle Kilometre Travelled (VKT) elasticities, commonly used metrics, and stylized graphics. The dark blue row segments under the VKT elasticities column provide the range of elasticities for the studies included. (Edenhofer et al., 2015)
The economic position of a city or urban area in the national and international economy, and socio- demographic characteristics such as income, age, cultural preferences, are all significant contributors to GHG emissions, but local government have less capacity to influence these dimensions.
Figure 3 Hierarchy of drivers of urban GHG emissions and policy leverages by urban scale decision making (Edenhofer et al., 2015)
The brief: Urban planning, climate change and social inequalities
Everyday practices of living and working generate energy demands and therefore have a direct and indirect impacts on the emission of GHG that negatively affect climate change. Everyday practices of living and working can influence the demand of energy in buildings, transport (of people and goods), water consumption, waste disposal, food preparation, and more.
The key contribution that urban planning can make to reducing energy demands must go beyond the provision of low carbon technologies (decarbonising housing, electric vehicles and so on) and design solutions (green roofs, greening public spaces) and must identify planning measures that target everyday practices of living and working towards successful and socially just low carbon change. The key principle is the notion that everyday practices and the energy demands they generate are mediated by urban environments and material infrastructures.
Figure 4. Planning interventions on climate change mediated by social, spatial and economic practices and impacts on inequality
Urban planning
interventions & urban
GHG emissions
energy & consumption demand
climate change
practices of everyday
living & working
different
cultural values
differentgroupssocial
inequality
environments & urban
spatial
configuration & material
infrastructures
everyday diversity
practices of
living & working
different political
economic models
intended transformations
indirect intended outcomes
mediation and interactions
spatial planning impact oninequality
climate impact oninequality
The GLA wants to support outer London boroughs develop their local plans so that they can become more resilient when faced with the challenges of climate change and progressively reduce GHG emission to zero. This will involve all considering all urban functions including housing, transport, social infrastructures, local economy, productive activities, high streets, and town centres as well as the provision of water, energy, food, the reduction, and recycling of waste.
The GLA is also interested in the equity of these proposals and therefore keen to understand the impact, under the Public Sector Equalities Duty, of these plans on the different social groups within the comm unity or under-represented groups, how they can be involved, their concerns, and the disproportionality of impacts.
This project is grounded on the recognition that urban planning can respond to climate change by promoting urban environments and urban spatial configurations that support low carbon energy practices. Planning responses to climate change can be categorised in two types of policy measures:
- mitigation measures which refer to the effort to reduce or prevent emissions of GHG
- adaptation measures which target the capacity of a city to adapt to a warming world and to withstand the impacts of natural disasters caused by climate change.
It will be your role to determine what can be influenced through a Strategic Spatial Plan and what planning policies, institutions or urban interventions can be proposed at the scale you are working at, including mitigation and adaptation measures.
Examples of illustrations of strategic spatial plans
Figure 5.City of Helsinki Strategic Spatial Plan (2008)
Figure 6. East Manchester. Strategic Regeneration Framework 2008- 2018 (top left: economy; top right: employment; bottom
centre: housing and social infrastructures)
You will carry out the Strategic Planning Project in 2 stages. Stage 1 analysis and Stage 2 strategic response.
STAGE TASKS DEADLINE FEEDBACK OUTPUTS %
1 Individual task:
Analysis of neighbourhood-level
urban structure + borough level
investigation of one social group
and one theme (with summary of
existing Local plan and implications
of selected theme on climate
change and inequality)
17 February
3pm
17 March,
5pm
Submission on moodle
8 X A4 pages, max 1000 words
50%
2 Group task: Strategic Spatial Plan
Climate change priorities developed
into a strategic spatial plan which
includes appropriate and effective
planning interventions + analysis of
impacts on needs, challenges, and
opportunities of vulnerable groups
31 March, 3pm 28 April, 5pm Submission on moodle
20 x A3 pages landscape, max
5000 words
50%
Stage 1: From description to analysis to diagnosis
This stage will consist of a report (8 X A4 pages, max 1000 words) which is to be completed individually but coordinated through your group. Submission deadline 17 February 2023 3pm on Moodle
The aim of this task is to describe, analyse and explain urban environments and how they change along three dimensions: its material spatial structure, its social diversity, its different functions. The focus is on the interactions between the spatial organisation and distribution of different built environments, of different functions and of different social groups and how they influence each other in creating socio- spatial practices of moving, consuming, working, caring, living, sustaining.
In order to do this, you will have to complete three tasks corresponding to three different types of investigations. You will prepare a set of maps, illustrations and texts that can successfully communicate the following information (analysis of change will depend on data availability. Try to be resourceful and creative but rigorous in your search and use of data):
- Neighbourhood-level : The urban structure and character of one neighbourhood through its configuration, land-use, changes in land use, focussing on different land uses such as business and work, social infrastructure, housing types and tenures; street patterns and mobility at neighbourhood level, connections with the borough and London.
- Thematic investigation: consider one of the themes listed below to be studied across the selected borough to understand land-uses and spatial organisation associated with it, and changes over the last 5- 10 years. Your investigation should consider climate change implications of the chosen theme of analysis and issues of inequality, accessibility and / or affordability. The investigation should reflect on the interactions between built environment, urban structure, and social, environmental, and economic aspects (now and their change over the last 10 years). You will also need to provide a summary and critique of the Local Plans provisions, strategies, and policies for your selected theme. The critique should briefly outline how the plan addresses (or not) climate change and inequality for the selected theme.
- Vulnerable social groups : Select one of the social characteristics listed below and investigate the status, geographies, challenges and opportunities for the population group which represent the chosen characteristic. You will also research social and community infrastructures associated with this group, assets of community value, places of encounter, community groups and organisations, and everyday practices. You will provide a summary of any institutional support for the selected social group provided by the local authority of the selected borough and how the Local Plan makes provisions for the selected social group, their needs and challenges.
You can combine up to two characteristics (for example using gender and race, you can investigate the status and challenges of women from a minoritised ethnic group; using age and disability you can investigate the status and challenges for young people with reduced mobility. Dont build a category that has small representation because it will be harder to find data)
You need to coordinate with your group so that you can overlap your information gathering around the following:
- Split your borough into evenly sized areas which allow you as a group to cover the whole borough for your neighbourhood-level land use and change analysis
- Each member of the group must choose a different sectoral theme to analyse across the borough to understand its land uses and spatial organisation.
- Each member of the group should choose a different social group from the list below, to understand what challenges it faces across the borough, especially under the current cost of living crisis.
The starting point for the preparation of the analysis of the project area is land use and urban change. In addition to this, you will need to collect socio-demographic data at wards and LSOA and a number of other data and information to complement the analysis of urban change, describe spatial organisation, relationships between urban activities, relationship between places. This task can be carried out with any graphic software of your choice or skills or even by hand. Each investigation (neighbourhood, theme, social group) must be based on rigorous and extensive independent research and demonstrate critical thinking.
Sectoral theme for borough level analysis
1. Moving: Mobility and accessibility How do people and goods move around the borough? What are commuting patterns and modes? How are different locations (particularly high streets, town centres, employment areas, education and health facilities, green spaces) accessible within the borough? And from and to the borough? And by whom? How is accessibility and mobility different for different income, age, disability groups? What are the climate and inequality implications? How has this changed over the last 5 or 10 years? 2. Consuming: Town centres and High streets: Where are the high streets and town centres located across the borough? What do they consist of and how do they affect and relate to the urban structure and socio- demographic patterns? What type of retail is available: affordable or high market? Everyday or specialist? Generic or ethnic? How has this changed over the last 5 years? What are the climate and inequality implications? 3. Working: businesses, industrial areas, industry sectors: Where is employment located? Is it concentrated or dispersed across the borough? Where are the industrial and commercial areas? How do they interact with other spatial structures? What kind of jobs are in the area, which industrial sectors, what sizes of businesses (large, small, medium enterprises) and how has this changed over the last 5 years? What are the climate and inequality implications 4. Caring: parks, schools, health provision, leisure, faith, and cultural centres: What are the main social infrastructures across the borough and where are they located? Are they public, private or community owned? Where are public institutions located? Are they accessible? What communities predominate? And which social infrastructures are under-represented? How has the population in the borough changed? Which areas have seen population increase / decline? How have incomes changed? What changes over last 5 years across the borough? What are the climate and inequality implications? 5. Living: types & tenures: Looking at range of housing types and tenures across the borough – what different types of residential neighbourhoods are in the area? Are they low or high density? Who lives there? Are they mixed tenures or not? What is the level of housing need in the borough? How have housing tenures changed and how has affordability changed? How have residential changed over last 5 years? What are the climate and inequality implications? 6. Sustaining: food, energy, waste, water: What are the land use patterns related to the production and consumption of these primary resources across the borough? How do these resources / waste flow through the borough? What links are there between them? And what have been the past changes over last 5 years across the borough? What are the climate and inequality implications?
Social Characteristics for analysis of social groups
Extracted from the 2011 Equality Act (these are defined as protected characteristics in the 2011 Act).
- age (young, older people)
- disability (different types of disability have different experiences and challenges)
- gender reassignment
- marriage or civil partnership (are there any housing or planning policies based on peoples status?)
- pregnancy and maternity (housing or planning policies addressed to women experiencing pregnancy and maternity?)
- race (disproportionality of impacts, housing displacement for different ethnic groups, BAME-owned businesses)
- religion or belief (different religious groups and faiths have different social and spatial practices)
- sex (gender discrimination, different experiences for men and women)
- sexual orientation (challenges for LGBTQ+ people, access to housing, safe spaces)
Additional social characteristics
- income (average and median levels of income, definition of poverty, fuel poverty, food poverty, housing poverty)
- household type (single-parent, families with dependent children)
What you need to submit for this task
Each student will submit a beautifully Illustrated and well written study (8 X A4 pages landscape or portrait, max 1000 words) combining the three tasks: neighbourhood-level analysis, thematic investigation, analysis of one social group. Submission deadline 17 February 2023 3pm on Moodle
Table of content
Page # Content Minimum required graphic content
Page 1 summary of findings and conclusions
Pages 2- 3 neighbourhood level analysis
- identify the neighbourhood in the borough
- land-use and land-use changes
- urban structure (spatial organisation of different land uses)
- Does it identify urban structure for a variety of land-uses?
- street patterns and neighbourhood level mobility
At least 2 maps summarising the
land use (1 map) and land-use
changes (1 map) in the selected
neighbourhood within the borough
selected by the group
Pages 4- 5 thematic investigation
- identify a theme with clarity and the land-uses and spatial organisation associated with it
- identify changes of land-uses and spatial organisation over the last 5-10 years.
- consider climate change implications of the chosen theme of analysis and issues of inequality, accessibility and / or affordability.
- reflect on the interactions between built environment, urban structure, and social, environmental and economic aspects (now and their change over the last 10 years)
- include a summary and critique of the Local Plans provisions for the selected theme
At least 1 map summarising
sectoral theme of inquiry across
the whole borough
Is there at least 1 diagram which
summarises the social,
environmental and economic
impacts and changes, specifically
GHG emissions and accessibility /
affordability for different
demographics?
Pages 6- 7 analysis of one vulnerable group
- describe the group, its urban geography
- discuss the challenges, needs and opportunities in housing, employment, access to social infrastructures (assets of community value, places of encounter)
- discuss institutional, voluntary and community-led support available in the borough for the selected social group
- review of the Local Plan provisions for the selected social group, their needs and challenges
At least 1 map and 1 diagram
summarising status, geography,
experience, assets and challenges
of the selected social group across
the borough
Page 8 references and sources
Examples on individual coursework from previous project
Figure 7a. Example of neighbourhood level analysis from previous students
Figure 7b. Example of neighbourhood level analysis from previous students
Figure 8a. Example of thematic investigation from previous students
Figure 8b. Example of thematic investigation from previous students
Figure 8c. Example of thematic investigation from previous students
Figure 9 a. Example of social group investigation from previous students
Figure 9b. Example of social group investigation from previous students
Figure 9c. Example of social group investigation from previous students
Stage 2: From diagnosis to plan
This stage will consist of a report (20 x A3 pages, max 5000 words) which is to be completed by the group. Submission deadline 31 March 2023, at 3pm on Moodle
The aim of this task is to prepare a strategic spatial plan by combining knowledge and evidence developed through analysis of your chosen outer London borough and strategic priorities set by the GLA. You will need to consider the spatial and strategic priorities within a plan which must address climate change and have consideration of equality and impacts on particular social groups. The sectoral themes and social groups included in the plan will follow on from your analysis in stage 1.
For each theme in your group, the plan will need to:
- identify strategic objectives (future targets, qualitative or quantitative) for the GLA priorities (WHAT)
- identify the planning interventions (mitigation, adaptation, other) to achieve the strategic objectives and address the proposed priorities (HOW)
- identify the spatial and land-use configuration for each planning intervention (WHERE)
The strategic priorities selected by the GLA for each theme are:
1. Moving: Mobility and accessibility: reduce the need to travel, or improve sustainable active travel without unjustly reducing accessibility for people and the productivity of businesses. Why? Mobility and accessibility will be crucial for the borough to address GHG emissions. 2. Consuming: Town centres and High streets: Retaining and increasing accessibility to the right type, amount and location of retail and office spaces. Why? Affordable high streets and town centres offer opportunities for employment and affordable shopping that reduces the need to travel; they provide access to good and affordable food locally. They are places of encounters for different communities. 3. Working: businesses, industrial areas, industry sectors, diversity of employment : Moving away from specialisation in the economy, by providing the right type, amount, and location of spaces for businesses into the future, co-location of industrial, retail, housing. Why? Diversity of employment and of the local economy positively affects the reduction of GHG by ensuring commodities and services are produced, repaired, and consumed locally and local wealth is distributed. 4. Caring: Social infrastructures : Retain and increase the provision of community facilities, gathering and meeting spaces, parks, schools, health facilities, leisure, faith, and cultural centres. Understand the different needs for accessibility to everyday care infrastructures and to less frequent care needs. Why? Isolation and individualisation of social and care activities generate higher demands for domestic energy than collective infrastructure for cultural exchange, sharing, social support, increasing local resilience into the future. 5. Housing: types, tenures, development : Increase supply by promoting development models and patterns that combine with, rather than replace, existing uses whether residential, industrial, retail. Why? High density and mix of land-uses (especially of productive and residential activities) are key to reducing the need for energy and transport. Development models that are based on refurbish and infill generate lower GHG emissions; and there is a need to address housing injustices and displacement in your borough. 6. Sustaining: food, energy, waste, water: Food, energy, waste and water will all need to be considered in the future as part of the boroughs plans. Why? These are crucial resources which affect GHG emissions. Food and energy are the biggest challenges to the cost-of-living crisis faced by people on low income.
In addition to addressing the six thematic strategic priorities the plan will need to include:
7. Governance: Thinking through what the roles of local authority, private sector, community groups, especially under-represented groups in the implementation and monitoring of the plan Why? It is crucial to consider identifying conflicts and synergies between proposed measure for the six priorities, between types of interventions, between land-uses, between locations, impact on under-represented groups and how these choices are developed and negotiated by the local actors and stakeholders.
8. Equality Impact Assessment: Identify positive and negative impacts of each planning intervention (policy, area-based interventions, etc) on the challenges and opportunities of social groups (from stage 1 of the project). Why? Impact assessments can help identify the effectiveness of planning interventions on stated objectives. The equality impact assessment is a systematic and evidence-based tool, which enables organisations to consider the likely impact of their decisions and activities on different groups of people. Completion of equality impact assessments is a legal requirement under race, disability and gender equality legislation. 9. Evidence of independent research of best practices : research of case studies of successful planning interventions from other cities in the UK or international, what the case study is about, why is it relevant in your plan. Why? To develop a wider knowledge and vocabulary of planning ideas and practices, to help you build a planning toolbox.
What you need to submit for this task
Each group will submit a beautifully illustrated, well-written report (20 x A3 pages landscape, max 5000 words) which combines all items from 1 to 9. Submission deadline 31 March 2023, at 3pm on Moodle
Suggested table of content
Page # Content Minimum required graphic content
Page 1 Summary of your strategic plan and of all
the planning interventions; how your
strategic plan tackles climate change and
social inequalities.
at least 1 map representing the planning
interventions that form your strategic spatial
plan for the borough
Pages 2- 4 Summary and integration of the 3 types
of analysis of each group member from
stage 1.
at least 1 map combining the analysis at
neighbourhood level
at least 1 map and 1 diagram (or other
graphic) combining the analysis of social
groups
at least 1 map combining the analysis for all
the themes
Pages 5 Summary of the critique of the existing
Local Plan of the selected borough from
stage 1 and how your plan will improve
climate response and equality duty of the
existing Local Plan.
At least 1 diagram summarising how your
proposal will improve the existing Local Plan
of the selected borough
Pages 6- 17 Objectives, planning interventions and
their spatial configurations supported by
case studies of best practices; discussion
of how the planning interventions will
achieve objectives and address the
strategic priorities.
at least 1 map for each planning intervention
at least 1 diagram showing the relationships
between priorities, objectives, planning
interventions
Page 18 Governance. at least 1 diagram or other illustration
showing the governance structure and the
roles of different actors in the implementation
and management of the planning
interventions
Page 19 Equality Impact Assessment. At least 1 matrix of impacts on needs,
challenges, opportunities of all social groups
from stage 1 for each planning interventions
Page 20 References, sources.