aws
security | 代写aws | 代写unity – 这个题目属于一个security的代写任务, 涉及了security/aws/unity等代写方面
This is a copy of a complete midterm test from the past, just to show you the structure of the midterm test. This is not to learn course materials. Your test would have different questions, focus, length assumptions, and may even cover newer materials, as I change the course materials every year. I have also posted more of numerical questions from the past tests on the portal. There will NOT be any multiple choice questions.
1)-
a)- Define following terms briefly: Replacement fertility rate, Environmental overshoot, Contract curve,
Free energy, Bound energy, System stability, and System resilience
b)- What are the ecosystem services that humanity is using.
c)- What are the implications of First and Second L aws of Thermodynamic for economic systems.
d)- Define the sustainable development, and compare weak and strong approaches to sustainability.
e)- Use the microeconomic theory of fertility and a complete and well-marked graph to analyze all possible
impacts of increasing income level on the family size.
f)- According to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), explain the possible reasons behind a negative
correlation between output and adverse environmental impacts (emissions).
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(^) (^)
(Only well-marked, neat, and complete graphs receive full mark.)
######## =======================================================================
See the other side for more questions
######## L
dL
O 1 c
h(c)
2)- In the framework of the Malthusian model, suppose
the growth rate of labor force (or population) as a
function of consumption (income) is like this graph.
a)- In a well-marked set of graph to show the steady
state equilibrium, if currently the steady state
equilibrium is point O 1.
b)- Suppose a small earthquake kills some people, with
no impact on anything else. Using a NEW well-
marked set of graph to show the initial equilibrium,
and new short run and long run equilibrium points.
3)- Consider only Adam (A) and Eve (E) live in a city, and consume only Food (F), a private good, and clean
air (C), a public good.
####### Suppose both have a utility function like: U(F,C)F^0.^8 C^0.^2
Also suppose price of food is: PF = $10 per unit of F, and the clean air maintenance tax is: PC = $40 per unit of
C. Adam (A) and Eve have an income of $320, each.
a)- If Adam and Eve are honest and cooperate in their decision making, what are the socially efficient levels of
food and clean air.
b)- Now suppose Adam and Eve dont cooperate, and try to free ride by hiding their preferences on clean air.
Calculate the equilibrium levels of food and clean air for each consumer.
c)- By comparing results in part (a) and (b), what can you conclude about the level of the clean air? =======================================================================
4)- Suppose Utility Possibility Frontier for an economy which includes only Adam (A) and Eve (E) is:
(Put Adam on the horizontal axis).
Suppose, Social welfare function is like:
0. 5
E
0. 5
WUA U
a)- Consider resource allocations that lead to following utility combinations. Draw the UPF and show these
allocations on the graph. Which ones are Pareto efficient and which ones are not? Why? Write these
allocations in the order of highest to lowest desirability of distribution. Show your work.
B: (UA=100, UE =375) C: (UA=280, UE =190) D: (UA=140, UE =351)
b)- What is the socially efficient distribution of utilities for Eve and Adam. Draw a well-marked graph
including curves, lines, labels, values, and points, which shows the efficient distribution of utilities.
c)- If you are a Rawlsian who believes that the welfare of the worst off member of the society must be
maximized, what socially optimal allocation you would suggest for Adam and Eve. Draw a well-marked
graph including curves, lines, labels, values, and points, which shows the efficient distribution of utilities.
=======================================================================
######## 400
######## U
######## UPF: U 400
2
A
E NOTE :Some parts of this
question might not have
been covered this year.
######## 2)-
c
d
d 1
c 1 = y (^1) c = y
L
dL
(^0) O 1 h(c)
d
z f(d)
O 1
A
b)-
c
d
d 1
c 1 = y 1
O 1
c = y
L
dL
0
z f(d)
O 1
h(c)
a)-
######## 1)-
a)- Replacement fertility rate: The total fertility rate that keeps the size of a population stable (about 2.1). Environmental overshoot: When human population surpasses the Earths capacity to support them. Contract curve: The geometric locus of all possible Pareto efficient allocations of resources. Free energy: The energy that is available to do work. Bound energy: The unavailable or useless energy in the form of heat that cannot be used to produce work. System Stability: The ability of a system to return to its original condition after a change or disturbance. System Resilience: The rate at which a perturbed system will return to its original state.
(^) ——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— b)- 1- Assimilative capacity: The capacity of the natural environment to absorb wastes. 2- Regenerative capacity: The ability of the ecosystem to replace resources that are used in our economic production systems:
- Renewable resources, such as wood or water, are in continuous supply, although at the rate which they can be replenished.
- Non-renewable resources, such as iron ore or fossil fuels, are in limited supply within the earths crust, so cannot be replaced. 3- Supportive capacity: Habitat and refuge, nutrient cycling, climate regulation, biological productivity (e.g. pollination), …
c)-
- Based on the First Law of Thermodynamics:
- Natural resources are finite (the scarcity rule in economics)
- We cannot get rid of anything: Waste (in form of degraded matter and heat energy) is an inevitable byproduct
of all human economic activities which is based on matter-energy transformation.
- Based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics:
- Energy cannot be recycled
In entropy terms, the cost of any biological or economic enterprise is always greater than the product.
All economic and industrial process lead to rapid increase in entropy, and energy conservation has a limit
d)- Environmentally sustainable development is: (According to The World Commission on Environment and Development): development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
- Weak Sustainability requires that the overall capital stock needed to support a high quality of life, including manufactured, human, social, and natural capital remain fixed Weak sustainability can be achieved even with the loss of natural capital as long as other forms of capital can substitute it.
- Strong Sustainability requires maintaining the total stock of each form of capital separately (natural, manufactured, human, and social capital).
(^) ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————-
e)- (Total 8 points)
- Overall, the efficient number of children in a family unit falls.
f)-
- At higher levels of development, there will be following changes: – Changes in Consumer Preferences
- Tastes change towards more demand for environmental qualities instead of material (conventional) goods.
- Environmental qualities (goods) behave as luxury goods, with high income elasticity of demand (greater than 1), so as income rises, the share of environmental qualities out of total consumption rises. – Changes in Technology: Decrease in emission per output
- More efficient technologies to produce output
- Change in composition of output to more immaterial output, information intensive industries, and services (bank services instead of steel products). – Changes in Institutions
- More environmental awareness and rational use of environmental resources
- Increase in capacity of formal and informal political systems, more environmental protecting laws, and better enforcement of environmental regulations
- Higher environmental expenditures, more investment on environmental improvements and environmental protection
$
MC
# of Kids
MB
MC
MB
The marginal benefit function of children is likely to
fall (shift down and left) with higher income, because:
- The income contribution of children becomes less important
- The kids contribution to parental security in old age becomes less important too.
- There is an increasing impact of enjoyment from having more kids when having more income tend to offset part of the other two negative impacts.
Overall, one would expect the MB curve to decrease
(shift down and to the left).
- But higher income leads to increase marginal cost of having kids (shifting up the curve), because of:
- increasing the opport unity cost of parenting, childbearing and child rearing.
######## 4)-
a)-
UE
UA
C
UPF
400
400
B
375
100
D
351
140
190
280
B and D allocations are Pareto
efficient, because they are on the UPF,
and C is not Pareto efficient, as it is
under UPF.
----------------------------------------------
0. 5
E
0. 5
WUA U
######## W(D) = 221.
######## W(B) = 193.
######## W(C) = 230.
Preference from highest to lowest:
C D B
b)-
######## ——————————————————————————————-
c)-
######## ——————————————————————————————-
UE
UA
UPF
######## 400
######## 400
######## O
######## 247.
######## 247.
45 o
W= min(UA,UE)
UE
UA
UPF
######## 400
######## 400
######## 266.
######## 230.
######## O
0. 5
E
0. 5
WUA U
######## W
A
E
E
A
U
######## U
######## W/ U
######## W/ U
########
########
########
######## UPF
######## 400
######## 2 U
######## U
######## U A
A
######## E
########
########
######## 400
######## 2 U
######## U
######## U A
A
######## E ^
######## 400
######## 2 U
######## U
2
A
E and 400
######## U
######## U 400
2
A
E ^
######## UA = 230.94 UE= 266.
W = min (UA, UE)
Efficient distribution happens at the
intersection of UE = UA line and
UPF, point O:
######## 400
######## U
######## U 400
2
A
E and UE = UA^
########
######## 400
######## U
######## U 400
2
A
A ^
U^2 A 400 UA 160000 0
######## UA 200 40000 160000
######## UA = 247.213 UE= 247.
######## 3)-
a)-
And
10 *F F 40 *C 640
A E
######## —————————————————————————————-
b)-
For Adam: UA(FA, CA + CE) =
A^0.^8 A E^0.^2
U(F,C) F C C
A E
A
F
A C
####### C C
####### 0. 25 F
####### U
####### U
####### MRS
#######
####### 4
####### C C
####### 0. 25 F
A E
A
#######
#######
####### FA 16 CA 16 CE
Budget constraint for Adam:
10 *F^40 *C^320
A A
FA 32 4 CA
A A E
A A
F 16 C 16 C
F 32 4 C
CA 1. 6 0. 8 CE
Adams reaction function
By symmetricity Eves reaction function
E A
C 1. 6 0. 8 C
A E
E A
C 1. 6 0. 8 C
C 1. 6 0. 8 C
C C^0.^889 C^1.^778
E A
F F 28. 444
E A
######## —————————————————————————————-
c)- Free riding leads to under provision of the public goods in the competitive market. Compare optimal
level of clean air, 3.2, as opposed to market equilibrium 1.778.
==================================================================
Total Budget Constraint:
F F 16 C
F F 4 C 64
A E
A E
C F
MRSAMRSEP /P 40 / 10 4
######## 4
######## 4 C
######## F
######## 4 C
######## FA E
####### FAFE 16 C
####### 4 C
####### F
####### U
####### U
####### MRS
F
####### C
C 3. 2
FAFE 25. 6
C F